Understanding Europe's past became an urgent matter with the events of August 1991 in Moscow, in the former Soviet Union. The invasion of Moscow's streets by Russian people rejecting an attempted coup d'etat was the culmination of a process that had been initiated years before and raised crucial questions: To what extent can these events be considered the end of an era stretching from World War I to the 1980s, when Europe experienced many forms of dictatorship? To what extent can the various forms of dictatorship Europe experienced in the twentieth century be grouped together? Can any sort of affinity be established between them? The new introduction to the paperback edition of this volume in the Memory and Narrative series, Leydesdorff and Crownshaw underline the fundamental importance of the struggle for memory and its meaning. Memory and Totalitarianism explores the remembered experiences of individuals living under different totalitarian regimes, and examines the construction of memory in the aftermath of those regimes' collapse. It attempts to situate the findings of oral history in the context of contemporary memory. It wrestles with the most painful memories that Europeans have of this century at the end of the Cold War. These memories compare with oral history's research into such experiences as racist attitudes against blacks in the South, or the cultural and psychological effects of apartheid in South Africa, or the Aborigines' claim to their own history and to a new idea of history in Australia. Totalitarianisms are products of the twentieth century that go far beyond earlier manifestations of absolutism and autocracy in their effort to completely control political, social, and intellectual life. They were made possible by modern industrialism and technology. Therefore the theme of the book expands to include many other experiences that relate to totalitarian mentalities.

This book is composed of two parts. The first comprises chapters on the connection between memory and forgetfulness in Europe during the twentieth century; on women's experience of becoming recognized as full subjects in the time of the crisis and 'death' of the so-called universal subject; and on the conjugation between utopia and desire in the 1968 movements of students, women and workers. Oral history, feminist theory and practice and the history of the new social movements are the disciplinary fields in which these chapters are situated and from which they interpret the past. The second part is resolutely concerned with the present, and particularly with the sense of belonging to Europe that has emerged in the last 15-20 years among the generations of 1968.

"Gender and Memory" brings together contributions from around the world and from a range of disciplines--history and sociology, socio-linguistics and family therapy, literature--to create a volume that confronts all those concerned with autobiographical testimony and narrative, both spoken and written. The fundamental theme is the shaping of memory by gender. This paperback edition includes a new introduction by Selma Leydesdorff, coeditor of the Memory and Narrative series of which this volume is a part.
Are the different ways in which men and women are recalled in public and private memory and the differences in men's and women's own memories of similar experiences, simply reflections of unequal lives in gendered societies, or are they more deeply rooted? The sharply differentiated life experiences of men and women in most human societies, the widespread tendencies for men to dominate in the public sphere and for women's lives to focus on family and household, suggest that these experiences may be reflected in different qualities of memory.
The contributors maintain that memories are gendered, and that the gendering of memory makes a strong impact on the shaping of social spaces and expressive forms as the horizons of memory move from one generation to the next. They argue that in order to understand how memory becomes gendered, we need to travel through the realms of gendered experience and gendered language.
Selma Leydesdorff is professor of oral history at the University of Amsterdam. Her publications include "We Lived with Dignity and Trauma" and (with Kim Lacy Rogers) "Trauma: Life Stories of Survivors." Luisa Passerini is professor of cultural history at the University of Torino. Her publications include "Europe in Love, Love in Europe: Imagination and Politics Between the Wars, Il mito d'Europa: Radici antiche per nuovi simboli, and Memoria e utopia: Il primato dell'intersoggettivit." Paul Thompson is research professor in sociology at the University of Essex and a fellow at the Institute of Community Studies, London. He is founder-editor of Oral History, and founder of the National Life Story Collection, British Library National Sound Archive. His previous publications include "The Voice of the Past" and "The Edwardians."

Gender and Memory brings together contributions from around the world and from a range of disciplines--history and sociology, socio-linguistics and family therapy, literature--to create a volume that confronts all those concerned with autobiographical testimony and narrative, both spoken and written. The fundamental theme is the shaping of memory by gender. This paperback edition includes a new introduction by Selma Leydesdorff, coeditor of the Memory and Narrative series of which this volume is a part. Are the different ways in which men and women are recalled in public and private memory and the differences in men's and women's own memories of similar experiences, simply reflections of unequal lives in gendered societies, or are they more deeply rooted? The sharply differentiated life experiences of men and women in most human societies, the widespread tendencies for men to dominate in the public sphere and for women's lives to focus on family and household, suggest that these experiences may be reflected in different qualities of memory. The contributors maintain that memories are gendered, and that the gendering of memory makes a strong impact on the shaping of social spaces and expressive forms as the horizons of memory move from one generation to the next. They argue that in order to understand how memory becomes gendered, we need to travel through the realms of gendered experience and gendered language.

This book is composed of two parts. The first comprises chapters 1) on the connection between memory and forgetfulness in Europe during the twentieth century, 2) on women's experience of becoming recognized as full subjects in the time of the crisis and death of the so-called universal subject, and 3) on the conjugation between utopia and desire in the 1968 movements of students, women and workers. Oral history, feminist theory and practice and the history of the new social movements are the disciplinary fields in which these chapters are situated and from which they interpret the past. with the sense of belonging to Europe that has emerged in the last 15-20 years among the generations of 1968. The new types of European identification do not conflict with self-recognitions based on gender, age and cultural belonging. On the contrary, all these attributes combine in characterising a subjectivity that is no longer hierarchical and exclusive. One can feel, as Derrida has written, European among other things. Thus, one can recognize herself as a woman, as a black, as a Muslim, as well as a European, if she wishes to do so. sense that subjectivity, memory and utopia are understood as relationships between human subjects, for what concerns both their genesis and their persistence.

Migration is most concretely defined by the movement of human bodies, but it leaves indelible traces on everything from individual psychology to major social movements. Drawing on extensive field research, and with a special focus on Italy and the Netherlands, this interdisciplinary volume explores the interrelationship of migration and memory at scales both large and small, ranging across topics that include oral and visual forms of memory, archives, and artistic innovations. By engaging with the complex tensions between roots and routes, minds and bodies, The Mobility of Memory offers an incisive and empirically grounded perspective on a social phenomenon that continues to reshape both Europe and the world.

This book is based on the oral life histories of about 70 men and women workers, born between the end of the last century and 1920, which are combined with sources such as police reports, documentary films and judicial documents. The interviewees recount their visions of life, of history, and of themselves; they call to memory the fascist period, and the ambivalent relationship between the Duce and the masses. A picture of resistance emerges, through such minor episodes as jokes and graffiti, wearing a red tie or whistling an old socialist tune, and through major issues such as abortions carried out in direct opposition to state propaganda. Acquiescence is also recalled, however, in the enrolment of children in fascist youth organisations or in the use of new state-controlled social services. The final chapter reconstructs an event that acquired great symbolic meaning: the eloquent and unexpected silence of the Fiat workers before Mussolini in 1939 at the inauguration of the Miraflori factory.

It has often been assumed that Europeans invented and had the exclusive monopoly over courtly and romantic love, commonly considered to be the highest form of relations between men and women. This view was particularly prevalent between 1770 and the mid-twentieth century, but was challenged in the 1960s when romantic love came to be seen as a universal sentiment that can be found in all cultures in the world. However, there remains the historical problem that the Europeans used this concept of love as a fundamental part of their self-image over a long period (traces of it still remain) and it became very much caught up in the concept of marriage. This book challenges the underlying Eurocentrism of this notion while exploring in a more general sense the connection between identity and emotions.

Understanding Europe's past became an urgent matter with the events of August 1991 in Moscow, in the former Soviet Union. The invasion of Moscow's streets by Russian people rejecting an attempted coup d'etat was the culmination of a process that had been initiated years before and raised crucial questions: To what extent can these events be considered the end of an era stretching from World War I to the 1980s, when Europe experienced many forms of dictatorship? To what extent can the various forms of dictatorship Europe experienced in the twentieth century be grouped together? Can any sort of affinity be established between them?
The new introduction to the paperback edition of this volume in the Memory and Narrative series, Leydesdorff and Crownshaw underline the fundamental importance of the struggle for memory and its meaning. "Memory and Totalitarianism" explores the remembered experiences of individuals living under different totalitarian regimes, and examines the construction of memory in the aftermath of those regimes' collapse. It attempts to situate the findings of oral history in the context of contemporary memory. It wrestles with the most painful memories that Europeans have of this century at the end of the Cold War. These memories compare with oral history's research into such experiences as racist attitudes against blacks in the South, or the cultural and psychological effects of apartheid in South Africa, or the Aborigines' claim to their own history and to a new idea of history in Australia.
Totalitarianisms are products of the twentieth century that go far beyond earlier manifestations of absolutism and autocracy in their effort to completely control political, social, and intellectual life. They were made possible by modern industrialism and technology. Therefore the theme of the book expands to include many other experiences that relate to totalitarian mentalities.
Luisa Passerini is professor of cultural history at the University of Torino and external professor at the European University Institute, Florence. Her present trends of research are: European identity; the historical relationships between the discourse on Europe and the discourse on love; gender and generation as historical categories; memory and subjectivity. Among her recent publications are "Europe in Love, Love in Europe: Imagination and Politics Between the Wars Il mito d'Europa. Radici antiche per nuovi simboli."
Selma Leydesdorff is professor of oral history at the University of Amsterdam. Her publications include "We Lived with Dignity" and (with Kim Lacy Rogers) "Trauma: Life Stories of Survivors."
Richard Crownshaw is a lecturer in the Department of English at Manchester Metropolitan University (UK), where his teaching includes 19th- and 20th-century American literature and representations of the Holocaust. He is also an Associate Fellow of the Institute of Germanic and Romance Studies, University of London.

Through a post-1968 perspective on the past 50 years, Performing Memory brings together case studies on new developments in the relationship between politics and visual representation-including the histories of dance, theatre, political performance and cinema and investigates how they relate to the interlinked concepts of visuality, corporeality and mobility. Using a collective transdisciplinary attitude from within historical disciplines, and looking across to artistic fields, this volume demonstrates that memory is not merely a recollection of experience but an interactive process, in which the body, mobile and constrained, is both a point of departure and reference.

This open access book discusses political, economic, social, and humanitarian challenges that influence both how people deal with their past and how they build their identities in contemporary Europe. Ongoing debates on migration, on local, national, inter- and transnational levels, prove that it is a divisive issue with regards to understanding European integration and identity. At the same time, the European Union increasingly invests in projects related to European heritage, museums, and cultural memory networks, while having to take dissonant heritages into account. These processes in their combination offer an interesting dynamic and form the complex puzzle that poses challenging questions for anyone involved in academic research, heritage practices, and policy debates. With this puzzle at its core, this book explicitly focuses on slippery and transforming notions of Europe and critically discusses ongoing and transforming power structures of heritage and memory in today's Europe. The book combines theoretical and methodological contributions to the debates on European heritage and memory studies and in-depth analyses of empirical case studies. Its main aim is to bring research fields concerning memory and heritage into a closer dialogue and thus explore the cultural and political dynamics of contemporary Europe.

In Europe, love has been given a prominent place in European self-representations from the Enlightenment onwards. The category of love, stemming from private and personal spheres, was given a public function and used to distinguish European civilisation from others. Contributors to this volume trace historical links and analyse specific connections between the two discourses on love and Europe over the course of the twentieth century, exploring the distinctions made between the public and private, the political and personal. In doing so, this volume develops an innovative historiography that includes such resources as autobiographies, love letters, and cinematic representations, and takes issue with the exclusivity of Eurocentrism. Its contributors put forth hypotheses about the historical pre-eminence of emotions and consider this history as a basis for a non-Eurocentric understanding of new possible European identities.

"This is a very good book . . . well, clearly, and forcefully written, in an attractive style with a touch of personal directness though with no sacrifice of academic rigour. The author's enjoyment of popular culture in various forms is clear and infectious." Ritchie Robertson, Oxford University Changing Cultural Tastes offers a critical survey of the taste wars fought over the past two centuries between the intellectual establishment and the common people in Germany. It charts the uneasy relationship of high and popular culture in Germany in the modern era. The impact of National Socialism and the strong influence from Great Britain and the United States are assessed in this cultural history of a changing nation and society. The period 1920-1980 is given special prominence, and the work of significant writers and artists such as Josef von Sternberg and Bertolt Brecht, Elfriede Jelinek and Rolf Dieter Brinkmann, Erwin Piscator and Heinrich Bll, is closely analysed. Their work has reflected changing tastes and, crucially, helped to make taste more pluralistic and democratic. Anthony Waine teaches German and European Studies at Lancaster University, specialising in courses on the cultural history of the twentieth century. His previous publications include Martin Walser: The Development as Dramatist 1950-1970; Martin Walser (Autorenbuch); Brecht in Perspective and Culture and Society in the GDR (both co-edited with Graham Bartram). He has also taught at Hamburg University and Wadham College, Oxford, and was awarded the Pilkington Prize for Teaching Excellence in 2000.

Combining the history of ideas and the history of emotions, this work explores the convergence between political and cultural ideas of Europe and the idea of love in the period between the two world wars. It investigates European unity from a political viewpoint, but also from cultural and symbolic ones, taking a critical stand towards Euro-centricism. Chapters focus on single texts, including bestselling novels, and artworks reviving the myth of Europa and the bull, set in the context of debates on marriage, sex and love in the western world. These alternate with chapters combining intellectual and cultural history with critical explorations of how historians, politicians and psychologists analyzed the crisis of European civilization.

In this publication, scholars from various disciplines and from a dozen countries of Europe and other continents intend to make explicit what has remained implicit in the creation or adoption of symbols and myths for a Europe that is under construction. The book is devoted to assessing the supposed « symbolic deficit of the European Union and of Europe as a whole. It analyses the history and meanings of some of the myths and symbols for Europe today, such as the myth of Europa and the bull, but also the European hymn and flag, and the representations of the continent. It also explores the meanings which have been attributed to the Euro by both experts and ordinary people; the new coin reminds us of the problematic nature of possible future senses of belonging to Europe, which will require exchanges between different peoples and cultures in order to give rise to an open and multicultural form of identity. Dans ce livre, des specialistes de disciplines diverses et de pays et de continents differents analysent ce qui est demeure implicite dans la creation et l'adoption de symboles et de mythes d'une Europe toujours en construction. La publication tend a evaluer le « deficit symbolique presume de I'Union europeenne et de l'Europe et explore l'histoire et la signification de certains mythes et symboles de l'Europe d'aujourd'hui, comme le mythe de l'enlevement d'Europe, l'hymne et le drapeau europeens, la representation du continent, de meme que le sens que les experts ou les Europeens attribuent a l'euro. La nouvelle monnaie illustre la problematique du futur sentiment d'appartenance a l'Europe, qui necessitera une multiplication des echanges entre ses peuples et ses culturespour donner lieu a une forme d'identite libre et multiculturelle.

Before World War II an intimate connection between the ideas of Europe and romantic love was widely accepted and virtually unchallenged. Only after Europe was ravaged by war and fractured by superpower conflict was this connection called into question. Today, with the success of the European Union, such themes are reemerging in art, literature, music, and everyday conversation.

In Europe in Love, Love in Europe we revisit Europe between world wars to explore the lost connections between love, culture, and ideology. Passerini investigates different ways in which historians, politicians, psychoanalysts, and psychologists analyzed the crisis of European civilization, providing a history of ideas and emotions. Her focus on specific texts ranges from best-selling novels to artworks set in the context of debates on marriage, sex, and friendship. Europe in Love, Love in Europe concludes with the story of a correspondence between spouses, an English woman and a German man during World War II, a powerful example of what it could mean to live the European dimension of a love relationship in that historical moment.

Passerini offers a compelling original perspective on the modern anxiety over national identity and European unity-and a powerful rejoinder to political and cultural Eurocentrism.

Bruxelles, Bern, Berlin, Frankfurt/M., New York, Oxford, Wien, 2000. num. ill. and graph. Multiple Europes. Vol. 13 General Editor: Bo Strath. This book is the result of an experiment in advanced teaching and learning which took place as a joint effort of the Departments of History at the European University Institute, Florence, and at New York University in the years 1996-1999. The experiment brought together fifteen graduate students and six professors from the two institutions, and included two workshops and a conference, in which also other scholars participated. Junior and senior scholars explored how and to what extent reciprocal exchanges between Europe and the USA in the period from the end of the XVIIIth century to the present were connected with and meaningful for their researches. The papers that have emerged from this approach also discuss the methodology of history: issues such as the relations between representations, identities, material production and consumption are challenged. The reciprocity of European representations of America and of American visions of Europe comes out clearly as does the impossibility of studying the symbolic considering the material and vice versa. Contents: Preface: Ioanna Laliotou/Luisa Passerini: An Experiment in Teaching and Learning - Part I: Jerrold Seigel: Introduction - Pierangelo Castagneto: From Walden to Wilderness: The Making of Anglo-Saxon Identity in Nineteenth-Century America - Silvia Sebastiani: The Changing Features of the Americans in the Eighteenth-Century Britannica - Maurizio Ascari: Prince Camaralzaman and Princess Badoura Come to Tea: Cosmopolitanism and the European Identity in The Europeans - Flaminia Gennari Santori:The Taste of Business Defining the American Art Collector 1900-1914 - Part II: Luisa Passerini: Introduction - Ioanna Laliotou: Visions of the World, Visions of America: Science Fiction and Other Transatlantic Utopias at the Turn of the Century - Elizabeth Fordham: From Whitman to Wilson: French Attitudes toward America around the Time of the Great War - Isabelle Engelhardt: The Creation of an 'Artificial Authentic Place' - The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum in Washington, DC - Part III: John Brewer: Introduction - Enrica Capussotti: 'James Dean is like One of Us . . .' The Reception of American Movies in Italy during the 1950s - Robert Lumley: Between Pop Art and Arte Povera: American Influences in the Visual Arts in Italy in the 1960s - Saverio Giovacchini: The Gap: How Andre Bazin Became Captain America - Part IV: Mary Nolan: Introduction - Gerben Bakker: America's Master: The Decline and Fall of the European Film Industry in the United States (1907-1920) - Bent Boel: The United States and the Postwar European Productivity Drive - David Randolph: Pausing to Refresh: Creating a Market for Coca-Cola in Sweden - Gwendolyn Wright: Good Design and 'The Good Life': Cultural Exchange in Post-World War II American Domestic Architecture - Adam Arvidsson: The Discovery of Subjectivity: Motivation Research in Italy 1958-1968 - Paulina Bren: Looking West: Popular Culture and the Generation Gap in Communist Czechoslovakia, 1969-1989.

Gender and Memory is the fourth volume of the International Yearbook of Oral History and Life Stories . Once again, its theme is a fundamental issue, the shaping of memory by gender. Are the different ways in which men and women are recalled in public and private memory, and also the differences in men's and women's own memories of similar experiences, simply reflections of unequal lives in gendered societies, or are they more deeply rooted? How early in childhood do girls and boys reveal differences in memory? How far does the character of memory change as gender roles evolve? The Special Editors of Gender and Memory , Selma Leydesdorff, Luisa Passerini, and Paul Thompson, draw on original contributions reflecting on the relationships between gender and memory in western and eastern Europe, China, Africa, Australia, the United States and Brazil. The aim of the International Yearbook is to increase our understanding of the recent past and the changing present. It sets out to present and interpret autobiographical testimony, whether in the firm of written autobiography, oral history, or life story interviews. Each issue forms a coherent volume focusing on a single theme. This book i

Migration and Identity concerns the shaping of identity using the theme of migration, revealing how migration acts as a crucible for individual social development and for wider social change. The International Yearbook of Oral History and Life Stories aims to increase our understanding of the recent past and the changing present through autobiographical testimony, in the form of written biography, oral history, and life story interviews.

Bruxelles, Bern, Berlin, Frankfurt/M., New York, Oxford, Wien, 2000. num. ill. and graph. Multiple Europes. Vol. 13 General Editor: Bo Strath. This book is the result of an experiment in advanced teaching and learning which took place as a joint effort of the Departments of History at the European University Institute, Florence, and at New York University in the years 1996-1999. The experiment brought together fifteen graduate students and six professors from the two institutions, and included two workshops and a conference, in which also other scholars participated. Junior and senior scholars explored how and to what extent reciprocal exchanges between Europe and the USA in the period from the end of the XVIIIth century to the present were connected with and meaningful for their researches. The papers that have emerged from this approach also discuss the methodology of history: issues such as the relations between representations, identities, material production and consumption are challenged. The reciprocity of European representations of America and of American visions of Europe comes out clearly as does the impossibility of studying the symbolic considering the material and vice versa. Contents: Preface: Ioanna Laliotou/Luisa Passerini: An Experiment in Teaching and Learning - Part I: Jerrold Seigel: Introduction - Pierangelo Castagneto: From Walden to Wilderness: The Making of Anglo-Saxon Identity in Nineteenth-Century America - Silvia Sebastiani: The Changing Features of the Americans in the Eighteenth-Century Britannica - Maurizio Ascari: Prince Camaralzaman and Princess Badoura Come to Tea: Cosmopolitanism and the European Identity in The Europeans - Flaminia Gennari Santori:The Taste of Business Defining the American Art Collector 1900-1914 - Part II: Luisa Passerini: Introduction - Ioanna Laliotou: Visions of the World, Visions of America: Science Fiction and Other Transatlantic Utopias at the Turn of the Century - Elizabeth Fordham: From Whitman to Wilson: French Attitudes toward America around the Time of the Great War - Isabelle Engelhardt: The Creation of an 'Artificial Authentic Place' - The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum in Washington, DC - Part III: John Brewer: Introduction - Enrica Capussotti: 'James Dean is like One of Us . . .' The Reception of American Movies in Italy during the 1950s - Robert Lumley: Between Pop Art and Arte Povera: American Influences in the Visual Arts in Italy in the 1960s - Saverio Giovacchini: The Gap: How Andre Bazin Became Captain America - Part IV: Mary Nolan: Introduction - Gerben Bakker: America's Master: The Decline and Fall of the European Film Industry in the United States (1907-1920) - Bent Boel: The United States and the Postwar European Productivity Drive - David Randolph: Pausing to Refresh: Creating a Market for Coca-Cola in Sweden - Gwendolyn Wright: Good Design and 'The Good Life': Cultural Exchange in Post-World War II American Domestic Architecture - Adam Arvidsson: The Discovery of Subjectivity: Motivation Research in Italy 1958-1968 - Paulina Bren: Looking West: Popular Culture and the Generation Gap in Communist Czechoslovakia, 1969-1989.